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Chapter 12 · Fundamentals of Electricity & Electronics

FAA-H-8083-30B · General · 2023

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FAA · FAA-H-8083-30B · General · 2023

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Chapter 12 ↗ · PDF 442
Fundamentals of Electricity & Electronics ↗ · PDF 442
Introduction ↗ · PDF 442
General Composition of Matter ↗ · PDF 442
Matter ↗ · PDF 442
Element ↗ · PDF 442
Compound ↗ · PDF 442
Molecule ↗ · PDF 442
Atom ↗ · PDF 442
Electrons, Protons, & Neutrons ↗ · PDF 442
Electron Shells & Energy Levels ↗ · PDF 443
Valence Electrons ↗ · PDF 443
Ions ↗ · PDF 443
Free Electrons ↗ · PDF 443
Electron Movement ↗ · PDF 443
Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors ↗ · PDF 443
Conductors ↗ · PDF 444
Insulators ↗ · PDF 444
Semiconductors ↗ · PDF 445
Metric Based Prefixes Used for Electrical Calculations ↗ · PDF 445
Static Electricity ↗ · PDF 445
Attractive and Repulsive Forces ↗ · PDF 445
Electrostatic Field ↗ · PDF 446
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Considerations ↗ · PDF 446
Magnetism ↗ · PDF 447
Types of Magnets ↗ · PDF 450
Electromagnetism ↗ · PDF 453
Conventional Flow & Electron Flow ↗ · PDF 455
Conventional Flow ↗ · PDF 455
Electron Flow ↗ · PDF 455
Electromotive Force (Voltage) ↗ · PDF 455
Current ↗ · PDF 457
Ohm’s Law (Resistance) ↗ · PDF 458
Resistance of a Conductor ↗ · PDF 459
Factors Affecting Resistance ↗ · PDF 459
Resistance and Relation to Wire Sizing ↗ · PDF 461
Circular Conductors (Wires/Cables) ↗ · PDF 461
Rectangular Conductors (Bus Bars) ↗ · PDF 461
Power and Energy ↗ · PDF 461
Power in an Electrical Circuit ↗ · PDF 461
Power Formulas Used in the Study of Electricity ↗ · PDF 462
Power in a Series & Parallel Circuit ↗ · PDF 463
Energy in an Electrical Circuit ↗ · PDF 463
Sources of Electricity ↗ · PDF 463
Pressure Source ↗ · PDF 463
Chemical Source ↗ · PDF 464
Thermal Sources ↗ · PDF 464
Light Sources ↗ · PDF 464
Schematic Representation of Electrical Components ↗ · PDF 464
Conductors ↗ · PDF 464
Types of Resistors ↗ · PDF 465
Fixed Resistor ↗ · PDF 465
Carbon Composition ↗ · PDF 465
Resistor Ratings ↗ · PDF 465
Color Code ↗ · PDF 465
Color Band Decoding ↗ · PDF 466
Wire-Wound ↗ · PDF 467
Variable Resistors ↗ · PDF 467
Rheostat ↗ · PDF 467
Potentiometer ↗ · PDF 468
Thermistors ↗ · PDF 468
Photoconductive Cells ↗ · PDF 468
Circuit Protection Devices ↗ · PDF 468
Fuse ↗ · PDF 469
Current Limiter ↗ · PDF 470
Circuit Breaker ↗ · PDF 470
Arc Fault Circuit Breaker ↗ · PDF 470
Thermal Protectors ↗ · PDF 470
Control Devices ↗ · PDF 471
Switches ↗ · PDF 471
Toggle Switch ↗ · PDF 471
Microswitches ↗ · PDF 472
Rotary Selector Switches ↗ · PDF 472
Pushbutton Switches ↗ · PDF 472
Lighted Pushbutton Switches ↗ · PDF 473
Dual In-Line Parallel (DIP) Switches ↗ · PDF 474
Switch Guards ↗ · PDF 474
Relays ↗ · PDF 474
Series DC Circuits ↗ · PDF 474
Voltage Drops & Further Application of Ohm’s Law ↗ · PDF 476
Voltage Sources in Series ↗ · PDF 477
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law ↗ · PDF 477
Voltage Dividers ↗ · PDF 478
Determining the Voltage Divider Formula ↗ · PDF 479
Parallel DC Circuits ↗ · PDF 481
Voltage Drops ↗ · PDF 481
Total Parallel Resistance ↗ · PDF 481
Resistors in Parallel ↗ · PDF 481
Two Resistors in Parallel ↗ · PDF 481
Current Source ↗ · PDF 482
Kirchhoff’s Current Law ↗ · PDF 482
Current Dividers ↗ · PDF 482
Series-Parallel DC Circuits ↗ · PDF 483
Determining the Total Resistance ↗ · PDF 483
Alternating Current (AC) & Voltage ↗ · PDF 484
AC and DC Compared ↗ · PDF 485
Generator Principles ↗ · PDF 485
Generators of Alternating Current ↗ · PDF 485
Position 1 ↗ · PDF 486
Position 2 ↗ · PDF 486
Position 3 ↗ · PDF 486
Position 4 ↗ · PDF 487
Position 5 ↗ · PDF 487
Cycle and Frequency ↗ · PDF 487
Cycle Defined ↗ · PDF 487
Frequency Defined ↗ · PDF 487
Period Defined ↗ · PDF 488
Wavelength Defined ↗ · PDF 488
Phase Relationships ↗ · PDF 488
In Phase Condition ↗ · PDF 489
Out of Phase Condition ↗ · PDF 489
Values of Alternating Current ↗ · PDF 489
Instantaneous Value ↗ · PDF 489
Peak Value ↗ · PDF 490
Effective Value ↗ · PDF 490
Opposition to Current Flow of AC ↗ · PDF 490
Capacitance ↗ · PDF 491
Capacitors in Direct Current ↗ · PDF 491
The Resistor/Capacitor (RC) Time Constant ↗ · PDF 491
Units of Capacitance ↗ · PDF 491
Voltage Rating of a Capacitor ↗ · PDF 492
Factors Affecting Capacitance ↗ · PDF 492
Types of Capacitors ↗ · PDF 492
Fixed Capacitors ↗ · PDF 492
Ceramic ↗ · PDF 492
Electrolytic ↗ · PDF 493
Tantalum ↗ · PDF 493
Polyester Film ↗ · PDF 493
Oil Capacitors ↗ · PDF 494
Variable Capacitors ↗ · PDF 494
Trimmers ↗ · PDF 494
Varactors ↗ · PDF 494
Capacitors in Series ↗ · PDF 494
Capacitors in Parallel ↗ · PDF 495
Capacitors in Alternating Current ↗ · PDF 495
Capacitive Reactance Xc ↗ · PDF 495
Sample Problem: ↗ · PDF 496
Solution: ↗ · PDF 496
Capacitive Reactances in Series and in Parallel ↗ · PDF 496
Phase of Current and Voltage in Reactive Circuits ↗ · PDF 496
Inductance ↗ · PDF 497
Characteristics of Inductance ↗ · PDF 497
The RL Time Constant ↗ · PDF 497
Physical Parameters ↗ · PDF 497
Self-Inductance ↗ · PDF 498
Types of Inductors ↗ · PDF 498
Units of Inductance ↗ · PDF 499
Inductors in Series ↗ · PDF 499
Inductors in Parallel ↗ · PDF 499
Inductive Reactance ↗ · PDF 499
AC Circuits ↗ · PDF 500
Ohm’s Law for AC Circuits ↗ · PDF 500
Series AC Circuits ↗ · PDF 500
Solution: ↗ · PDF 501
Solution: ↗ · PDF 502
Solution: ↗ · PDF 503
Parallel AC Circuits ↗ · PDF 503
Resonance ↗ · PDF 504
Power in AC Circuits ↗ · PDF 505
True Power Defined ↗ · PDF 505
Apparent Power Defined ↗ · PDF 505
Solution: ↗ · PDF 506
Transformers ↗ · PDF 506
Current Transformers ↗ · PDF 508
Transformer Losses ↗ · PDF 508
Power in Transformers ↗ · PDF 508
DC Measuring Instruments ↗ · PDF 508
D’Arsonval Meter Movement ↗ · PDF 509
Current Sensitivity and Resistance ↗ · PDF 509
Damping ↗ · PDF 510
Electrical Damping ↗ · PDF 510
Mechanical Damping ↗ · PDF 510
A Basic Multirange Ammeter ↗ · PDF 510
Precautions ↗ · PDF 510
The Voltmeter ↗ · PDF 511
Voltmeter Sensitivity ↗ · PDF 511
Multiple Range Voltmeters ↗ · PDF 511
Voltmeter Circuit Connections ↗ · PDF 512
Influence of the Voltmeter in the Circuit ↗ · PDF 512
The Ohmmeter ↗ · PDF 512
Zero Adjustment ↗ · PDF 512
Ohmmeter Scale ↗ · PDF 512
The Multirange Ohmmeter ↗ · PDF 513
Megger (Megohmmeter) ↗ · PDF 513
AC Measuring Instruments ↗ · PDF 514
Electrodynamometer Meter Movement ↗ · PDF 515
Moving Iron Vane Meter ↗ · PDF 515
Inclined Coil Iron Vane Meter ↗ · PDF 516
Varmeters ↗ · PDF 516
Wattmeter ↗ · PDF 517
Frequency Measurement/Oscilloscope ↗ · PDF 517
Horizontal Deflection ↗ · PDF 518
Vertical Deflection ↗ · PDF 518
Tracing a Sine Wave ↗ · PDF 518
Control Features on an Oscilloscope ↗ · PDF 518
Flat Panel Color Displays for Oscilloscopes ↗ · PDF 519
Digital Multimeter ↗ · PDF 519
Basic Circuit Analysis & Troubleshooting ↗ · PDF 519
Voltage Measurement ↗ · PDF 520
Current Measurement ↗ · PDF 521
Checking Resistance in a Circuit ↗ · PDF 521
Continuity Checks ↗ · PDF 522
Capacitance Measurement ↗ · PDF 522
Inductance Measurement ↗ · PDF 522
Troubleshooting Open Faults in a Series Circuit ↗ · PDF 523
Tracing Opens with the Voltmeter ↗ · PDF 523
Tracing Opens with the Ohmmeter ↗ · PDF 523
Troubleshooting Shorting Faults in a Series Circuit ↗ · PDF 524
Tracing Shorts with the Ohmmeter ↗ · PDF 524
Tracing Shorts with the Voltmeter ↗ · PDF 525
Troubleshooting Open Faults in a Parallel Circuit ↗ · PDF 525
Tracing an Open with an Ammeter ↗ · PDF 526
Tracing an Open with an Ohmmeter ↗ · PDF 526
Troubleshooting Shorting Faults in Parallel Circuits ↗ · PDF 526
Troubleshooting Shorting Faults in Series-Parallel Circuits ↗ · PDF 527
Logic in Tracing an Open ↗ · PDF 527
Tracing Opens with the Voltmeter ↗ · PDF 527
Batteries ↗ · PDF 528
Primary Cell ↗ · PDF 528
Secondary Cell ↗ · PDF 528
Battery Ratings ↗ · PDF 530
Life Cycle of a Battery ↗ · PDF 530
Lead-Acid Battery Testing Methods ↗ · PDF 531
Lead-Acid Battery Charging Methods ↗ · PDF 532
Nickel-Cadmium Batteries ↗ · PDF 532
Chemistry and Construction ↗ · PDF 532
Operation of Nickel-Cadmium Cells ↗ · PDF 533
General Maintenance and Safety Precautions ↗ · PDF 533
Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) Batteries ↗ · PDF 533
Lithium-Ion Batteries ↗ · PDF 534
Inverters ↗ · PDF 534
Rotary Inverters ↗ · PDF 535
Permanent Magnet Rotary Inverter ↗ · PDF 535
Inductor-Type Rotary Inverter ↗ · PDF 535
Static Inverters ↗ · PDF 535
Semiconductors ↗ · PDF 536
Doping ↗ · PDF 537
PN Junctions & the Basic Diode ↗ · PDF 539
Forward Biased Diode ↗ · PDF 539
Reverse Biased Diode ↗ · PDF 540
Rectifiers ↗ · PDF 541
Half-Wave Rectifier ↗ · PDF 542
Full-Wave Rectifier ↗ · PDF 543
Dry Disk ↗ · PDF 543
Types of Diodes ↗ · PDF 544
Power Rectifier Diodes ↗ · PDF 544
Zener Diodes ↗ · PDF 544
Special Purpose Diodes ↗ · PDF 544
Light-Emitting Diode (LED) ↗ · PDF 544
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) ↗ · PDF 545
Photodiode ↗ · PDF 545
Varactors ↗ · PDF 545
Schottky Diodes ↗ · PDF 546
Diode Identification ↗ · PDF 546
Introduction to Transistors ↗ · PDF 546
Classification ↗ · PDF 546
Transistor Theory ↗ · PDF 547
PNP Transistor Operation ↗ · PDF 548
Identification of Transistors ↗ · PDF 548
Field Effect Transistors ↗ · PDF 548
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) ↗ · PDF 549
Common Transistor Configurations ↗ · PDF 549
Common-Emitter (CE) Configuration ↗ · PDF 549
Common-Collector (CC) Configuration ↗ · PDF 550
Common-Base (CB) Configuration ↗ · PDF 550
Vacuum Tubes ↗ · PDF 551
Filtering ↗ · PDF 552
Filtering Characteristics of Capacitors ↗ · PDF 552
Filtering Characteristics of Inductors ↗ · PDF 552
Common Filter Configurations ↗ · PDF 552
Basic LC Filters ↗ · PDF 553
Low-Pass Filter ↗ · PDF 553
High-Pass Filter (HPF) ↗ · PDF 553
Band-Pass Filter ↗ · PDF 553
Band-Stop Filter ↗ · PDF 553
Amplifier Circuits ↗ · PDF 554
Classification ↗ · PDF 554
Class A ↗ · PDF 555
Class AB ↗ · PDF 555
Class B ↗ · PDF 555
Class C ↗ · PDF 555
Methods of Coupling ↗ · PDF 556
Direct Coupling ↗ · PDF 556
RC Coupling ↗ · PDF 556
Impedance Coupling ↗ · PDF 557
Transformer Coupling ↗ · PDF 557
Feedback ↗ · PDF 557
Operational Amplifiers (OP AMP) ↗ · PDF 557
Applications ↗ · PDF 558
Magnetic Amplifiers ↗ · PDF 559
Saturable-Core Reactor ↗ · PDF 560
Logic Circuits ↗ · PDF 560
Logic Polarity ↗ · PDF 561
Positive ↗ · PDF 561
Negative ↗ · PDF 561
Pulse Structure ↗ · PDF 561
Basic Logic Circuits ↗ · PDF 562
The Inverter Logic ↗ · PDF 562
The AND Gate ↗ · PDF 562
The OR Gate ↗ · PDF 563
The NAND Gate ↗ · PDF 563
The NOR Gate ↗ · PDF 563
Exclusive OR Gate ↗ · PDF 563
Exclusive NOR Gate ↗ · PDF 563
The Integrated Circuit ↗ · PDF 563
Microprocessors ↗ · PDF 564
DC Generators ↗ · PDF 564
Theory of Operation ↗ · PDF 564
Generation of a DC Voltage ↗ · PDF 566
Position A ↗ · PDF 566
Position B ↗ · PDF 567
Position C ↗ · PDF 567
Position D ↗ · PDF 568
The Neutral Plane ↗ · PDF 568
Construction Features of DC Generators ↗ · PDF 569
Field Frame ↗ · PDF 569
Armature ↗ · PDF 571
Gramme-Ring Armature ↗ · PDF 571
Drum-Type Armature ↗ · PDF 571
Commutators ↗ · PDF 571
Armature Reaction ↗ · PDF 572
Compensating Windings ↗ · PDF 572
Interpoles ↗ · PDF 573
Types of DC Generators ↗ · PDF 573
Series Wound DC Generators ↗ · PDF 573
Shunt Wound DC Generators ↗ · PDF 574
Compound Wound DC Generators ↗ · PDF 575
Generator Ratings ↗ · PDF 575
Generator Terminals ↗ · PDF 576
DC Generator Maintenance ↗ · PDF 576
Inspection ↗ · PDF 576
Condition of Generator Brushes ↗ · PDF 577
DC Motors ↗ · PDF 578
Force Between Parallel Conductors ↗ · PDF 579
Developing Torque ↗ · PDF 579
Basic DC Motor ↗ · PDF 579
Position A ↗ · PDF 580
Position B ↗ · PDF 580
Position C ↗ · PDF 580
Position D ↗ · PDF 580
DC Motor Construction ↗ · PDF 581
Armature Assembly ↗ · PDF 581
Field Assembly ↗ · PDF 582
Brush Assembly ↗ · PDF 582
End Frame ↗ · PDF 582
Types of DC Motors ↗ · PDF 582
Series DC Motor ↗ · PDF 582
Shunt DC Motor ↗ · PDF 583
Compound DC Motor ↗ · PDF 583
Counter Electromotive Force (emf) ↗ · PDF 583
Types of Duty ↗ · PDF 584
Reversing Motor Direction ↗ · PDF 585
Motor Speed ↗ · PDF 586
Energy Losses in DC Motors ↗ · PDF 586
Inspection and Maintenance of DC Motors ↗ · PDF 587
AC Motors ↗ · PDF 588
Types of AC Motors ↗ · PDF 588
Three-Phase Induction Motor ↗ · PDF 589
Rotating Magnetic Field ↗ · PDF 589
Construction of Induction Motor ↗ · PDF 589
Induction Motor Slip ↗ · PDF 590
Single-Phase Induction Motor ↗ · PDF 590
Shaded Pole Induction Motor ↗ · PDF 590
Split-Phase Motor ↗ · PDF 591
Capacitor Start Motor ↗ · PDF 591
Direction of Rotation of Induction Motors ↗ · PDF 591
Synchronous Motor ↗ · PDF 592
AC Series Motor ↗ · PDF 593
Maintenance of AC Motors ↗ · PDF 594
Alternators ↗ · PDF 595
Basic Alternators & Classifications ↗ · PDF 595
Method of Excitation ↗ · PDF 595
Number of Phases ↗ · PDF 595
Armature or Field Rotation ↗ · PDF 596
Single-Phase Alternator ↗ · PDF 596
Two-Phase Alternator ↗ · PDF 597
Three-Phase Alternator ↗ · PDF 597
Wye Connection (Three-Phase) ↗ · PDF 597
Delta Connection (Three-Phase) ↗ · PDF 597
Alternator Rectifier Unit ↗ · PDF 597
Brushless Alternator ↗ · PDF 598
Alternator Frequency ↗ · PDF 599
Starter Generator ↗ · PDF 599
Alternator Rating ↗ · PDF 599
Alternator Maintenance ↗ · PDF 600
Regulation of Generator Voltage ↗ · PDF 600
Voltage Regulation with a Vibrating-Type Regulator ↗ · PDF 600
Three Unit Regulators ↗ · PDF 602
Differential Relay Switch ↗ · PDF 603
Overvoltage & Field Control Relays ↗ · PDF 604
Generator Control Units (GCU) ↗ · PDF 605
Basic Functions of a Generator Control Unit (GCU) ↗ · PDF 605
Voltage Regulation ↗ · PDF 605
Overvoltage Protection ↗ · PDF 605
Parallel Generator Operations ↗ · PDF 605
Over-Excitation Protection ↗ · PDF 605
Differential Voltage ↗ · PDF 605
Reverse Current Sensing ↗ · PDF 605
Alternator Constant Speed Drive System ↗ · PDF 605
Hydraulic Transmission ↗ · PDF 606
Voltage Regulation of Alternators ↗ · PDF 612
Alternator Transistorized Regulators ↗ · PDF 613

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Chapter 1 · Safety, Ground Operations, & Servicing · 64 разделов
Chapter 2 · Regulations, Maintenance Forms, Records, & Publications · 88 разделов
Chapter 3 · Mathematics in Aviation Maintenance · 102 разделов
Chapter 4 · Aircraft Drawings · 63 разделов
Chapter 5 · Physics for Aviation · 132 разделов
Chapter 6 · Aircraft Weight & Balance · 62 разделов
Chapter 7 · Aircraft Materials, Hardware, & Processes · 177 разделов
Chapter 8 · Cleaning & Corrosion Control · 99 разделов
Chapter 9 · Fluid Lines & Fittings · 51 разделов
Chapter 10 · Inspection Concepts & Techniques · 79 разделов
Chapter 11 · Hand Tools & Measuring Devices · 37 разделов
Chapter 12 · Fundamentals of Electricity & Electronics · 402 разделов
Chapter 13 · Mechanic Privileges & Limitations · 38 разделов
Chapter 14 · Human Factors · 58 разделов